Blood cancer in children develops when blood cells grow abnormally. Often these abnormal blood cancer cells grow uncontrollably. The blood cancer cells can slow the growth of normal new blood cells. Without enough normal blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets) children can become tired, have frequent infections, and easily bleed and/or bruise.

The cause of blood cancer in children is mostly unknown. There are some possible risk factors:

• Inherited genes – like trisomy 21, TP53 tumour suppressor gene
• Exposure to radiation
• Exposure to chemicals like benzene
• Acquired genes – exposure to cancer causing radiation or chemicals in utero

Childhood blood cancer diagnosis

• Blood cancer is diagnosed from a number of tests. These may include:
• Medical history and physical exam
• Blood tests – full blood count (FBC), kidney and liver function, electrolytes
• Bone marrow biopsy
• Genetic tests – cytogenetics, immunophenotyping
• Imaging tests – computed tomography (CT) scan, x-rays

Your treatment team will help you explain and prepare your child for tests. Most hospitals allow parents to stay with their child during tests. If it is too distressing, you may prefer to wait nearby. Many children’s hospitals use light anesthesia or sedation for painful procedures. In this case you can often stay with your child until they fall asleep and be there when they wake up.

Every parent reacts differently to hearing that their child has blood cancer. There is no right or wrong way to feel. It is usual to experience a range of emotions, from shock and disbelief to sadness and fear. While this is an incredibly difficult time, remember that your child looks to you for support. Staying calm and offering encouragement can help them cope with the medical tests and treatments ahead.

Learn more about childhood blood cancers

Some common blood cancers in children include:

• Leukaemia
• Lymphoma
• Other rare blood cancers

Your child’s treatment team will provide more details about their specific condition and available treatment options. They will also explain how treatment may affect your child. If you still have questions, you can contact them to discuss your child’s diagnosis and treatment. Understanding your child’s specific type of blood cancer can help you feel more informed and prepared.